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Red River Parish (French: ''Paroisse de la Rivière-Rouge'') is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 9,091,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/22/22081.html )〕 making it the fourth-least populous parish in Louisiana. Its seat is Coushatta.〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=2011-06-07 )〕 It was one of the newer parishes created in 1871 by the state legislature under Reconstruction.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://ccet.louisiana.edu/tourism/parishes/North_Louisiana/redriver.html )〕 The plantation economy was based on cotton cultivation, highly dependent on enslaved labor before the American Civil War. In 1880, the parish had a population with more than twice as many blacks as whites.〔("Red River Parish History", ''Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Northwest Louisiana'', Chapter IV, Chicago: The Southern Publishing Co., 1890 ), accessed 25 April 2008〕 They were essentially disfranchised in 1898 under a new state constitution after the white Democrats regained power in the state in the late 1870s through paramilitary intimidation at the polls. Most of the former slaves worked as sharecroppers and laborers, cultivating cotton. Because of the mechanization of agriculture, many blacks left the parish during the mid-20th century Great Migration to seek better job opportunities elsewhere. By 2000, the parish population was 9,622, with a white majority, but Coushatta itself was still two thirds black. ==History== (詳細はvigilante and paramilitary violence after the Civil War, as insurgents tried to regain power after the South's defeat. The state legislature during Reconstruction created the parish in 1871, one of a number established to develop Republican Party strength. Marshall H. Twitchell was a Union veteran who moved to the parish from Vermont and married a local woman. With the help of her family, he became a successful cotton planter and local leader. He was elected in 1870 as a Republican to the state legislature and filled four local offices with his brother and three brothers-in-law, the latter native to the parish. He won support from freedmen by appointing some to local offices and promoting education.〔Eric Foner, ''Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877'', New York: Perennial Classics, 1988; edition 2002, pp.356-357〕〔(Danielle Alexander, "Forty Acres and a Mule: The Ruined Hope of Reconstruction", ''Humanities'', January/February 2004, vol.25/No.1 ), accessed 14 April 2008〕 The unpublished dissertation, ''Carpetbagger Extraordinary: Marshall Harvey Twitchell, 1840-1905'' by the historian Jimmy G. Shoalmire studies Twitchell's life within the context of the social unrest in Red River Parish at the time. During the 1870s, there were regular outbreaks of violence in Louisiana, despite the presence of two thousand federal troops stationed there.〔Eric Foner, ''Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877'', New York: Perennial Classics, 1988; edition 2002, p. 550〕 The extended agricultural depression and poor economy of the late 19th century aggravated social tensions, as both freedmen and whites struggled to survive and to manage new labor arrangements. The disputed gubernatorial election of 1872 increased political tensions in the state, especially as the outcome was unsettled for months. Both the Democratic Party and Republican candidates certified their own slates of local officers. Established in May 1874 from white militias, the White League was formed first in the Red River Valley in nearby Grant Parish. The organization grew increasingly well-organized in rural areas like Red River Parish. Soon White League chapters rose across the state.〔Nicholas Lemann, ''Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War'', New York, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2006, p.76〕 Operating openly, the White League used violence against officeholders, running some out of town and killing others, and suppressed election turnout among black and white Republicans.〔 In August 1874 the White League forced six white Republicans from office in Coushatta and ordered them to leave the state. Members assassinated them before they left Louisiana. Four of the men murdered were the brother and three brothers-in-law of state Senator Marshall Twitchell.〔Eric Foner, ''Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877'', New York: Perennial Classics, 1988; edition 2002, p.551〕 The White League also killed five to twenty freedmen who had accompanied the Twitchell relatives and were witnesses to the vigilante acts.〔〔Nicholas Lemann, ''Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War'', New York, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2006, p.76-77〕 Historians came to call the events the Coushatta Massacre. The murders contributed to Republican Governor William Pitt Kellogg's request to President Grant for more Federal troops to help control the state. Ordinary Southerners wrote to President Grant at the White House describing the terrible conditions of violence and fear they lived under during these times.〔 With increased voter fraud, paramilitary violence against Republican blacks and whites, and intimidation at the polls preventing people from voting, white Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1876. The population of the parish in 1880 was 8,573, of whom 2,506 were whites and 6,007 were blacks.〔 In 1898 the state achieved disfranchisement of most blacks and many poor whites through a new constitution that created numerous barriers to voter registration.〔( Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon", ''Constitutional Commentary'', Vol.17, 200, pp.12-13 ), accessed 25 April 2008〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Red River Parish, Louisiana」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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